Sports knee joint injury in ski training and its prevention / Lesão esportiva da articulação do joelho em treino de esqui e sua prevenção / Lesión de la articulación de la rodilla en el entrenamiento de esquí y su prevención

ABSTRACT Introduction Ski training presents the high ability of athletes and strong demand on the physical conditioning of the knee joint, which is frequently injured. Objective Study the sports injuries of the knee joint in ski training and explore its preventive measures. Methods The interview method was used with ski instructors, enthusiasts, and athletes by questionnaire with design and distribution of topics related to the occurrence of injuries. Sport injury factors are discussed internally and externally. Preventive measures and protective equipment for knee sports injuries are presented. Results Currently, the proportion of serious sports injuries to the knee joint is relatively high, and problems such as collision are the most common injury factors, and differences exist between male and female athletes. Among the causes of injury, the highest-scoring technical factor for injury was "deviation from technical movements", and the highest-scoring preventive measures were "strength training for vulnerable parts" and "sufficient preparation for activities". Conclusion The instructors should provide effective training programs according to the actual situation of the athletes, pay attention to monitoring the skiing environment, and recommend the appropriate protective equipment for the sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução O treino de esqui apresenta alta habilidade dos atletas e forte demanda no condicionamento físico da articulação do joelho, que é frequentemente lesionada. Objetivo Estudar as lesões esportivas da articulação do joelho no treino de esqui e explorar suas medidas preventivas. Métodos O método de entrevista foi usado com instrutores, entusiastas e esportistas de esqui por questionário com projetação e distribuição de tópicos relacionados à ocorrência das lesões. Os fatores de lesão esportiva são discutidos interna e externamente. Medidas preventivas e equipamentos de proteção para lesões esportivas no joelho são apresentados. Resultados Atualmente, a proporção de lesões esportivas graves na articulação do joelho é relativamente alta e problemas como colisão são os fatores de lesão mais comuns, existindo diferenças entre atletas do sexo masculino e feminino. Entre as causas de lesão, o fator técnico de maior pontuação para lesão foi "desvio de movimentos técnicos", e as medidas preventivas de maior pontuação foram "treinamento de força para partes vulneráveis" e "preparação suficiente para as atividades". Conclusão Os treinadores devem fornecer programas de treino eficazes de acordo com a situação real dos atletas, atentarem-se ao monitoramento do ambiente de esqui e indicar os equipamentos de proteção adequados ao esporte. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El entrenamiento de esquí presenta una alta capacidad de los deportistas y una fuerte exigencia en el acondicionamiento físico de la articulación de la rodilla, que se lesiona con frecuencia. Objetivo Estudiar las lesiones deportivas de la articulación de la rodilla en el entrenamiento de esquí y explorar sus medidas preventivas. Métodos Se utilizó el método de la entrevista con instructores de esquí, aficionados y deportistas mediante un cuestionario con diseño y distribución de temas relacionados con la ocurrencia de las lesiones. Los factores de las lesiones deportivas se discuten interna y externamente. Se presentan las medidas preventivas y los equipos de protección para las lesiones deportivas de rodilla. Resultados En la actualidad, la proporción de lesiones deportivas graves en la articulación de la rodilla es relativamente alta y problemas como la colisión son los factores de lesión más comunes, y existen diferencias entre los deportistas masculinos y femeninos. Entre las causas de las lesiones, el factor técnico con mayor puntuación fue la "desviación de los movimientos técnicos", y las medidas preventivas con mayor puntuación fueron el "entrenamiento de fuerza de las partes vulnerables" y la "preparación suficiente para las actividades". Conclusión Los entrenadores deben proporcionar programas de entrenamiento eficaces en función de la situación real de los deportistas, prestar atención al seguimiento del entorno de esquí e indicar el equipo de protección adecuado para el deporte. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Common types and treatment of elbow injuries in skiing or snowboarding / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the common types of elbow joint injuries in skiing or snowboarding and their treatment.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 90 patients with elbow injury caused by skiing or snowboarding who had been admitted to Department of Upper Limbs, Sichuan Orthopaedic Hospital from February, 2015 to February, 2022. There were 53 males and 37 females with an age of (31.8±8.4) years. The types of elbow injury, visual analogue scale (VAS), range of motion (ROM) of the elbow and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) of the patients were recorded before treatment and at the last follow-up.Results:Of the patients, 18 were treated conservatively (3 simple Mason type I radial head fractures and 15 O'Driscoll type I coronal process fractures) and 72 surgically. Their follow-up time was (31.3±18.7) months. The fractures all healed by the time of the last follow-up. Simple elbow fracture was observed in 63 patients, simple elbow dislocation in 2 patients, fracture plus dislocation in 25 patients. The posterior dislocation was the most common (22 cases). Among the elbow fractures, radial head fracture occurred in 27 patients, ulnar coronoid process fracture in 41 patients, proximal ulnar fracture in 13 patients, and distal humeral fracture in 28 patients. Collateral ligament injuries were complicated in 65 cases. In the patients undergoing conservative treatment, their VAS, elbow ROM, and MEPS were all improved significantly from 4.7±1.4, 92.2°±14.4° and 63.9±6.5 before treatment to 0.4 (0,1.0), 110.6°±0.6°, and 92.2±3.9 at the last follow-up ( P<0.05); in the patients undergoing surgical treatment, their VAS, elbow ROM, and MEPS were also all improved significantly from 5.6±1.7, 24.3°±18.4°, and 26.9±12.2 before surgery to 0.6 (0,1.0), 97.4°±14.0° and 86.6±7.1 at the last follow-up ( P<0.05). After surgery, 8 patients presented with neurological symptoms and 7 patients developed heterotopic ossification. Conclusions:In skiing or snowboarding, the coronoid process of the ulna is the most vulnerable to fracture. In the elbow injuries due to skiing or snowboarding, posterior dislocation is the most common type which is often accompanied by injuries to the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. For simple Mason type Ⅰ radial head fractures and O'-Driscoll type Ⅰ coronoid process fractures in which the elbow is stable, conservative treatment can be adopted; surgical treatment is indicated for the other injuries.

Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results.@*METHODS@#In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test.@*RESULTS@#During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.

The differences between modern modes of biathlon training at the olympic winter games / As diferenças entre os modos modernos de treinamento de biatlo nos jogos olímpicos de inverno / Las diferencias entre las modalidades modernas de entrenamiento de biatlón en los juegos olímpicos de invierno

ABSTRACT Introduction The biathlon is a snow sport that combines cross-country skiing and shooting, originating in Scandinavia. It requires athletes to not only have the ability to glide quickly over long distances but also to have the ability to shoot quickly and accurately. There is little research on biathlon characteristics and analysis of influencing factors and training strategies in China. Objective This study analyzes modern biathlon athletes' specific explosive power, endurance and training effects at the Winter Olympics. Methods Twenty biathlon athletes were selected as research volunteers. Physiological and biochemical indicators of the athletes were experimentally tested after training. Results There was a correlation between maximum speed and the height of the athletes' double stand test (SD) (p < 0.05). The heavier athletes skied relatively faster. However, the excessive body fat rate is not conducive to maintaining high-intensity skiing in the long term. The athletes' VO2max was closely related to their skiing performance and shot hit percentage (p < 0.05). Conclusion Maintaining gun ski training can positively improve the competitive level of world-class biathletes. The athlete's muscles have a solid ability to generate high mechanical power in a short time. It is beneficial to take advantage of a favorable position after the start of the competition. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O biatlo é um esporte de neve que combina esqui entre as montanhas e tiro, originário da Escandinávia. Requer que os atletas não só tenham a capacidade de deslizar rapidamente por longas distâncias, mas também que tenham a capacidade de atirar com rapidez e precisão. Existem poucas pesquisas sobre características do biatlo e análises de fatores de influência e estratégias de treinamento na China. Objetivo Este estudo analisa o poder explosivo específico, a resistência e os efeitos do treinamento dos atletas modernos de biatlo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno. Métodos Selecionou-se 20 atletas de biatlo como voluntários de pesquisa. Os indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos dos atletas foram testados experimentalmente após o treinamento. Resultados Houve uma correlação entre a velocidade máxima e a altura do teste de duplo suporte (DP) dos atletas (p < 0,05). Os atletas mais pesados esquiam relativamente mais rápido. Porém a taxa excessiva de gordura corporal não é propícia para manter o esqui de alta intensidade a longo prazo. O VO2max dos atletas mostrou-se intimamente relacionado com seu desempenho de esqui e porcentagem de acertos no tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusão A manutenção do treinamento de esqui com armas pode desempenhar um papel positivo na melhoria do nível competitivo dos biatletas de classe mundial. Os músculos do atleta têm uma sólida capacidade de gerar alta potência mecânica em um curto período de tempo. É benéfico aproveitar uma posição favorável após o início da competição.Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El biatlón es un deporte de nieve que combina el esquí entre las montañas y el tiro, originario de Escandinavia. Requiere que los atletas no sólo tengan la capacidad de deslizarse rápidamente por largas distancias, sino también la capacidad de disparar con velocidad y precisión. Hay poca investigación sobre las características del biatlón y el análisis de los factores que influyen y las estrategias de entrenamiento en China. Objetivo Este estudio analiza la potencia explosiva específica, la resistencia y los efectos del entrenamiento de los atletas de biatlón moderno en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno. Métodos Se seleccionaron veinte atletas de biatlón como voluntarios para la investigación. Los indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos de los atletas fueron comprobados experimentalmente después del entrenamiento. Resultados Hubo una correlación entre la velocidad máxima y la altura de la prueba de doble apoyo (DP) de los atletas (p < 0,05). Los atletas más pesados esquiaron relativamente más rápido. Sin embargo, la excesiva tasa de grasa corporal no es propicia para mantener el esquí de alta intensidad a largo plazo. Se demostró que el VO2max de los atletas estaba estrechamente relacionado con su rendimiento en el esquí y el porcentaje de aciertos en el tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusión El mantenimiento del entrenamiento de esquí de pistola puede desempeñar un papel positivo en la mejora del nivel competitivo de los biatletas de categoría mundial. Los músculos del atleta tienen una sólida capacidad para generar una gran potencia mecánica en un corto período de tiempo. Es beneficioso aprovechar una posición favorable tras el inicio de la competición. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Strength training methods for skiers / Métodos de treinamento de força para esquiadores / Métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza para esquiadores

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ski jumping sequence can be divided into four steps: support, take-off, flight, and landing. Each stage has specific tasks and functions and is closely related, with the completion of each stage depending on the previous one. Objective: Explore the effectiveness of special strength training methods for ski sportsmen. Methods: Using the method of scientific literature review, expert interview, experience, and mathematical statistics to perform the special strength training for Chinese ski athletes, comparing the changes in the jump speed and take-off of the big jumps before and after 16 weeks of strength training with a specially developed protocol. Results: There were significant differences in take-off speed and air height before and after the experiment (P<0.05). The athletes in the experimental group significantly differed in takeoff speed before and after participation in the experiment (P=0.01). Conclusion: The experimental results fully evidence that by improving the rapid contraction strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk and hip joints, modern abdominal center strength training methods are more effective than traditional methods. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A sequência de saltos de esqui pode ser dividida em quatro etapas: apoio, decolagem, voo e pouso. Cada etapa tem tarefas e funções específicas e está intimamente relacionada, sendo a conclusão de cada etapa dependente da etapa anterior. Objetivo: Explorar a eficácia dos métodos especiais de treinamento de força para esportistas em esqui. Métodos: Usando o método de análise científica literária, entrevista com especialistas, experiência e estatísticas matemáticas para realizar o treinamento de força especial para atletas chineses de esqui, comparando as mudanças na velocidade de salto e decolagem dos grandes saltos antes e depois de 16 semanas de treinamento de força com um protocolo especialmente desenvolvido. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas na velocidade de decolagem e na altura aérea antes e depois do experimento (P<0,05). Os atletas do grupo experimental tiveram uma diferença muito significativa na velocidade de decolagem antes e depois da participação no experimento (P=0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados experimentais evidenciaram plenamente que ao melhorar a força de contração rápida dos músculos flexores e extensores das articulações do tronco e quadril, os métodos modernos de treinamento de força do centro abdominal são mais eficazes do que os métodos tradicionais de treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La secuencia de salto de esquí puede dividirse en cuatro pasos: apoyo, despegue, vuelo y aterrizaje. Cada paso tiene tareas y funciones específicas y está estrechamente relacionado, siendo la conclusión de cada paso dependiente del anterior. Objetivo: Explorar la eficacia de los métodos especiales de entrenamiento de la fuerza para los deportistas de esquí. Métodos: Utilizando el método de revisión de la literatura científica, la entrevista a expertos, la experiencia y la estadística matemática para realizar el entrenamiento de fuerza especial para los atletas de esquí chinos, comparando los cambios en la velocidad de salto y el despegue de los grandes saltos antes y después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza con un protocolo especialmente desarrollado. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas en la velocidad de despegue y la altura del aire antes y después del experimento (P<0,05). Los atletas del grupo experimental tuvieron una diferencia muy significativa en la velocidad de despegue antes y después de la participación en el experimento (P=0,01). Conclusión: Los resultados experimentales evidencian plenamente que, al mejorar la fuerza de contracción rápida de los músculos flexores y extensores de las articulaciones del tronco y la cadera, los métodos modernos de entrenamiento de la fuerza del núcleo abdominal son más eficaces que los métodos de entrenamiento tradicionales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Fitness training of athletes in freestyle skiing / Treinamento de aptidão física de atletas em esqui de estilo livre / Entrenamiento de aptitud física de atletas en esquí de estilo libre

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical training is essential to physical fitness in freestyle skiers. The domain of stability in the technical movements is a determinant of the competition, always constantly improving. Objective: Develop a physical training program adapted to freestyle skiing. Methods: Twelve freestyle skiers were selected as volunteers for the experiment. This paper compares athletes' physical qualities and individual abilities before and after physical training. Through recent research, the athletes' physical condition was comprehensively evaluated to test the effectiveness of their physical training. results: Freestyle skiers showed good anaerobic fitness. A relationship was found between the maximum number of thrusts, the degree of spin in the air, the maximum power duration, and the power decay rate (P<0.05). In the body balance test, the lower limbs showed deficiencies in anteroposterior mobility, while bipodal balance showed no significantly statistical differences (P>0.05). Conclusion: This paper systematically studies body composition, the center of gravity strength, anaerobic capacity, and balance in freestyle skiers. The results provide a good assessment of the effect of fitness training on freestyle ski athletes. These results have particular guiding significance for formulating and implementing training programs focused on the sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento físico é parte essencial da aptidão física em esquiadores de estilo livre. O domínio da estabilidade nos movimentos técnicos é determinante sobre as competições, estando sempre em constante aprimoramento. Objetivo: Elaborar um programa de treinamento físico adaptado ao esporte do esqui de estilo livre. Métodos: Selecionou-se 12 esquiadores de estilo livre como voluntários ao experimento. Este artigo compara as qualidades físicas e habilidades individuais dos atletas antes e depois do treinamento físico. Através de pesquisas recentes, avaliou-se de forma abrangente a condição física dos atletas para testar a eficácia de seu treinamento físico. Resultados: Os esquiadores de estilo livre apresentaram uma boa praticabilidade anaeróbica. Foi encontrada uma relação particular entre o número máximo de propulsões e o grau de giro no ar, a duração máxima da potência e a taxa de decaimento da potência (P<0,05). No teste de equilíbrio corporal, os membros inferiores apresentaram deficiências de mobilidade anteroposterior, enquanto o equilíbrio bipodal não apresentou diferenças significativamente estatísticas (P>0,05). Conclusão: Este artigo fornece um estudo sistemático da composição corporal, força do centro gravitacional, capacidade anaeróbica e equilíbrio em esquiadores de estilo livre. Os resultados proporcionam uma boa avaliação do efeito de treinamento de aptidão física nos atletas de esqui de estilo livre. Estes resultados têm um significado orientador particular para a formulação e implementação de programas de treinamento focados na modalidade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento físico es una parte esencial de la aptitud física en los esquiadores de estilo libre. El dominio de la estabilidad en los movimientos técnicos es determinante sobre las competiciones, estando siempre en constante mejora. Objetivo: Desarrollar un programa de entrenamiento físico adaptado al deporte del esquí de estilo libre. Métodos: Se seleccionaron doce esquiadores de estilo libre como voluntarios para el experimento. Este artículo compara las cualidades físicas y las capacidades individuales de los atletas antes y después del entrenamiento físico. Mediante una investigación reciente, se evaluó exhaustivamente la condición física de los atletas para comprobar la eficacia de su entrenamiento físico. Resultados: Los esquiadores de estilo libre mostraron una buena aptitud anaeróbica. Se encontró una relación particular entre el número máximo de empujes y el grado de giro en el aire, la duración de la potencia máxima y la tasa de disminución de la potencia (P<0,05). En la prueba de equilibrio corporal, los miembros inferiores mostraron deficiencias en la movilidad anteroposterior, mientras que el equilibrio bipodal no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas (P>0,05). Conclusión: Este artículo proporciona un estudio sistemático de la composición corporal, la fuerza gravitatoria central, la capacidad anaeróbica y el equilibrio en esquiadores de estilo libre. Los resultados proporcionan una buena evaluación del efecto del entrenamiento físico en los atletas de esquí de estilo libre. Estos resultados tienen una especial importancia orientativa para la formulación y aplicación de programas de entrenamiento centrados en este deporte. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Muscle injury and sports rehabilitation management in endurance training oriented to winter sports / Lesão muscular e gerenciamento da reabilitação esportiva no treinamento de resistência direcionado aos esportes de inverno / Gestión de las lesiones musculares y de la rehabilitación deportiva en el entrenamiento de resistencia dirigido a los deportes de invierno

ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle injury in ski sports training has gradually increased, greatly impairing performance in ice and snow sports competitions. Objective: To study muscle injury and muscle movement during ice and snow sports training and the rehabilitation of muscle injuries. Methods: Thirty skiers with knee muscle injuries were selected as subjects and underwent rehabilitation training for six weeks, and the indicators were statistically evaluated. Results: The ski injuries were mainly muscle strain, muscle or ligament strain, and ligament rupture. The indices after treatment were significantly different from those before treatment (P < 0.05); compared with the three rehabilitation programs, the improvement of each index in group C was significantly different from that in the other two groups (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the improvement of each index between the multi-angle isometric training treatment in group A and the proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation technique in group B (P>0.05). Conclusion: The influence of recovery training technology on knee muscle re-education was proposed, and a rehabilitation plan for skiing was presented. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O quadro de lesão muscular no treinamento esportivo de esqui tem aumentado gradualmente, prejudicando muito o desempenho das competições esportivas de gelo e neve. Objetivo: Estudar a lesão muscular e o movimento muscular durante o treinamento esportivo no gelo e na neve, bem como a reabilitação das lesões musculares. Métodos: Trinta esquiadores com lesão muscular no joelho foram selecionados como sujeitos e submetidos a treinamento de reabilitação por um total de 6 semanas, tendo os indicadores sido avaliados estatisticamente. Resultados: Os tipos de lesões no esqui foram principalmente tensão muscular, tensão muscular ou ligamentar e ruptura ligamentar. Os índices após o tratamento foram significativamente diferentes daqueles antes do tratamento (P < 0,05); comparado com os três programas de reabilitação, a melhora de cada índice no grupo C foi significativamente diferente da dos outros dois grupos (P < 0,05), enquanto não houve diferença significativa na melhora de cada índice entre o tratamento de treinamento isométrico multiangular no grupo A e a técnica de estimulação neuromuscular proprioceptiva no grupo B (P>0,05). Conclusão: A influência da tecnologia de treinamento de recuperação na reeducação muscular do joelho foi proposta, e foi apresentado um plano de reabilitação para a prática de esqui. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El cuadro de lesiones musculares en el entrenamiento de los deportes de esquí ha ido aumentando progresivamente, lo que perjudica en gran medida el rendimiento en las competiciones de deportes de hielo y nieve. Objetivo: Estudiar las lesiones musculares y el movimiento muscular durante el entrenamiento de los deportes de hielo y nieve, así como la rehabilitación de las lesiones musculares. Métodos: Se seleccionaron como sujetos treinta esquiadores con lesiones musculares en la rodilla y se sometieron a un entrenamiento de rehabilitación durante un total de 6 semanas, y se evaluaron estadísticamente los indicadores. Resultados: Los tipos de lesiones de esquí fueron principalmente la distensión muscular, la distensión muscular o de ligamentos y la rotura de ligamentos. Los índices después del tratamiento fueron significativamente diferentes de los anteriores (P < 0,05); en comparación con los tres programas de rehabilitación, la mejora de cada índice en el grupo C fue significativamente diferente de la de los otros dos grupos (P < 0,05), mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en la mejora de cada índice entre el tratamiento de entrenamiento isométrico multiángulo en el grupo A y la técnica de estimulación neuromuscular propioceptiva en el grupo B (P>0,05). Conclusión: Se propuso la influencia de la tecnología de entrenamiento de recuperación en la reeducación muscular de la rodilla y se presentó un plan de rehabilitación para el esquí. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of muscle fatigue recovery in skiers: a nutritional intervention / Análise na recuperação da fadiga muscular em esquiadores: intervenção nutricional / Análisis en la recuperación de la fatiga muscular en esquiadores: intervención nutricional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skiing is a sport that demands the high performance of motor coordination with high energy consumption, factors that strongly influence muscle fatigue. Athletes who experience this phenomenon tend to present a decline in performance, generating psychological irritability and impairment in concentration. Diet is closely related to athletic performance, but the proper prescription for skiing athletes still lacks studies. Objective: To explore the methods of recovery from sports fatigue in skiers by providing up-to-date perspectives for effective nutritional intervention during the recovery stage. Methods: Seven young male skiers were selected as research subjects, and caloric intake, among other conditions, was recorded in detail. After three weeks, indices of body weight, body fat rate, serum metabolism, cardiopulmonary capacity, and energy metabolism, among other relevant information, were duly recorded and compared. Results: The intervention did not significantly impact lean body mass indices (p>0.05). The athletes' body weight decreased significantly, and the body fat rate decreased significantly after the nutritional intervention; The analyzed biomarkers were positively impacted, except the urea nitrogen concentration that showed a tendency to increase after the nutritional intervention, an effect that may be linked to the proportional increase of protein intake. Conclusion: The proposed nutritional intervention positively impacted the skiers' energy metabolism, directly impacting the athletes' recovery from sports fatigue. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O esqui é um esporte que exige alto desempenho de coordenação motora com um elevado consumo de energia, fatores que influenciam fortemente a fadiga muscular. Atletas que experienciam esse fenômeno, tendem a apresentar um declínio no nível do desempenho, gerando irritabilidade psicológica e prejuízos na concentração. A dieta está intimamente relacionada ao desempenho atlético, porém a receita adequada para os atletas em esqui ainda carece de estudos. Objetivo: Explorar os métodos de recuperação da fadiga esportiva nos esquiadores fornecendo perspectivas atualizadas para uma intervenção nutricional eficaz durante a etapa de recuperação. Métodos: Sete jovens esquiadores do sexo masculino foram selecionados como sujeitos da pesquisa, e a ingestão calórica, entre outras condições foram detalhadamente registradas. Após três semanas, índices de peso corporal, taxa de gordura corporal, metabolismo sérico, capacidade cardiopulmonar, metabolismo energético, entre outras informações relevantes foram devidamente registradas e comparadas. Resultados: A intervenção não impactou significativamente nos índices de massa magra corporal (p>0,05). O peso corporal dos atletas diminuiu significativamente e a taxa de gordura corporal diminuiu significativamente após a intervenção nutricional; os biomarcadores analisados foram positivamente impactados, a exceção da concentração de nitrogênio ureico que apresentou tendência de alta após a intervenção nutricional, efeito que pode estar atrelado ao aumento proporcional da ingesta proteica. Conclusão: A proposta de intervenção nutricional apresentou impactos positivos no metabolismo energético dos esquiadores, impactando diretamente na recuperação da fadiga esportiva dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El esquí es un deporte que exige un alto rendimiento de coordinación motora con un elevado consumo de energía, factores que influyen fuertemente en la fatiga muscular. Los deportistas que experimentan este fenómeno, tienden a presentar un descenso en el nivel de rendimiento, generando irritabilidad psicológica y daños en la concentración. La dieta está estrechamente relacionada con el rendimiento deportivo, pero la prescripción adecuada para los atletas de esquí aún carece de estudios. Objetivo: Explorar los métodos de recuperación de la fatiga deportiva en los esquiadores proporcionando perspectivas actualizadas para una intervención nutricional eficaz durante la etapa de recuperación. Métodos: Se seleccionaron siete jóvenes esquiadores varones como sujetos de investigación, y se registró detalladamente la ingesta calórica, entre otras condiciones. Al cabo de tres semanas, se registraron y compararon debidamente los índices de peso corporal, el índice de grasa corporal, el metabolismo sérico, la capacidad cardiopulmonar y el metabolismo energético, entre otros datos relevantes. Resultados: La intervención no tuvo un impacto significativo en los índices de masa corporal magra (p>0,05). El peso corporal de los atletas disminuyó significativamente y el índice de grasa corporal disminuyó significativamente después de la intervención nutricional. Los biomarcadores analizados tuvieron un impacto positivo, con la excepción de la concentración de nitrógeno ureico que mostró una tendencia a aumentar después de la intervención nutricional, efecto que puede estar relacionado con el aumento proporcional de la ingesta de proteínas. Conclusión: La propuesta de intervención nutricional presentó impactos positivos en el metabolismo energético de los esquiadores, impactando directamente en la recuperación de la fatiga deportiva de los atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Heart rate variability, task load and perceived exertion associated with a long-distance military ski exercise: A pilot study

OBJECTIVES: Skiing is practiced by the security forces posted at mountain areas for patrolling, securing borders, taking up rescue missions and sometimes as recreational activities. A study was planned to assess physiological and mental stress of a military ski activity through the measurement of heart rate (HR) variability, task load and perceived exertion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven healthy Indian soldiers, trained with skiing techniques, participated in a 15 km skiing with 22 kg equipment at a predetermined snowy mountainous track. Pre- and post-exercise HR and HR variability (HRV) were recorded (bio-harness, Zephyr, USA) and questionnaires, namely NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) and Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, were filled after exercise. Time and frequency domain parameters such as HR, variations between successive RR intervals (RMSSD), standard deviation of RR (SDNN) and percentage value of NN50 (pNN50), low- and high-frequency bands (LF and HF %) and LF/HF ratio were derived using Kubios software. Student’s t (paired) test was applied to compare pre- and post-exercise HRV parameters and Pearson’s correlation was applied to observe interdependencies between HRV and subjective scores. RESULTS: The findings depicted increase in post-exercise HR and decrease in overall HRV (both significant). Besides this, there was an increase in LF (significant) and LF/HF ratio (insignificant). Such response shows sympathetic dominance over parasympathetic domain of autonomic nervous system. The physical and mental stress experienced during the exercise was also expressed through high physical demand (79 out of 100) and high overall task load (total score – 77 out of 100) of the NASA-TLX and a moderately heavy RPE score (14 out of 20). CONCLUSION: The pre- and post-exercise differences in physiological variables ensured the presence of physical stress along with dominance of sympathetic nervous system. Overall task load was depicted with high subjective ratings. Carrying out skiing task in an environment infested with cold, wind chill, moderate hypoxia at a snowy and mountainous track possibly has induced the observed physiological and mental stress to the participants. Such findings are important to understand exact requirements of the mountain warfare events carried out by the forces.

Scientific training of sports medicine for balance of knee joint muscle strength of athletes / Treinamento científico de medicina esportiva para equilíbrio da força muscular da articulação do joelho de atletas / Entrenamiento científico de la medicina deportiva para el equilibrio de la fuerza muscular de la articulación de la rodilla de los atletas

ABSTRACT Introduction: As skiers need to complete their movements in high mountains and snow, the athlete's landing's stability is directly related to the movement's success. The stable landing action wins high scores for the athletes' participating actions and protects their safety. Objective: This article analyzes the characteristics of lower limb muscle strength and static balance ability of female freestyle skiing aerials athletes to provide athletes with targeted strength training, evaluation of muscle effects after training, and athlete selection to provide a scientific basis valuable Theoretical reference. Methods: The paper uses isokinetic testing and balance testing methods to study the characteristics of the hip and knee flexor and extensor strengths of the Chinese great female freestyle skiing aerials athletes and the static balance characteristics in four standing positions. Results: The right flexor-extensor force, flexor-extensor force ratio, and average power value of the right hip joint were slightly greater than the left flexor power. The left and right knee joint extensor unit peak weight moments and the left and right average power values were all four indicators. Greater than the flexor, at different test speeds of 60°/s (slow speed) and 240°/s (fast), the peak flexion and extension torque per unit weight, the average power of flexion and extension, the force of flexion and extension, and the average power appear with the increase of the test speed as a significant difference. Conclusions: The research in the thesis recommends reasonable weight control and balanced training of muscle strength, using the condition of moderately increasing exercise speed, to strengthen the training of lower limb extensor strength, provide targeted strength training for athletes, evaluate the muscle effect after training and providing the scientific basis and valuable theoretical reference. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Como os esquiadores precisam completar seus movimentos em altas montanhas e neve, a estabilidade de pouso do atleta está diretamente relacionada ao sucesso do movimento. A ação de pouso constante ganha altas pontuações para os participantes e protege sua segurança. Objetivo: este artigo discute as características da força muscular das extremidades inferiores e habilidade de equilíbrio estático de atletas de esqui estilo livre para fornecer aos atletas treinamento de força específico e avaliação pós-treino dos efeitos musculares em atletas selecionados para fornecer uma base científica de referência teórica valiosa. Métodos: O artigo usa testes isocinéticos e métodos de teste de equilíbrio para estudar as características de força dos flexores e extensores de quadril e joelho de grandes atletas chinesas de esqui estilo livre e as características de equilíbrio estático em quatro posições de pé. Resultados: A força flexor-extensora direita, a relação da força flexor-extensora e o valor médio da potência da articulação do quadril direito foram ligeiramente maiores do que a potência do flexor esquerdo. Os momentos máximos de peso da unidade extensora da articulação do joelho esquerdo e direito e os valores médios das potências esquerda e direita foram os quatro indicadores. Maior que o flexor, em diferentes velocidades de teste de 60 ° / s (velocidade lenta) e 240 ° / s (rápido), o torque máximo de flexão e extensão por unidade de peso, a força média de flexão e extensão, a força de flexão e extensão, e a potência média aparece com o aumento da velocidade de teste como uma diferença significativa. Conclusões: A pesquisa na tese recomenda o controle de peso razoável e o treinamento de força muscular balanceado, utilizando a condição de aumentar moderadamente a velocidade do exercício, para fortalecer o treinamento de força extensora de membros inferiores, fornecer treinamento de força específico para atletas, avaliando o efeito muscular após formar e fornecer a base científica e um valioso referencial teórico. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Como los esquiadores necesitan completar sus movimientos en alta montaña y nieve, la estabilidad del aterrizaje del atleta está directamente relacionada con el éxito del movimiento. La acción de aterrizaje estable gana puntuaciones altas para las participantes y protege su seguridad. Objetivo: Este artículo analiza las características de la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores y la capacidad de equilibrio estático de las atletas de esquí de estilo libre para proporcionar a los atletas un entrenamiento de fuerza específico y una evaluación de los efectos musculares después del entrenamiento en atletas seleccionados para proporcionar una base científica de referencia teórica valiosa. Métodos: El artículo utiliza pruebas isocinéticas y métodos de prueba de equilibrio para estudiar las características de la fuerza de los flexores y extensores de cadera y rodilla de las grandes atletas chinas de esquí de estilo libre femenino y las características del equilibrio estático en cuatro posiciones de pie. Resultados: La fuerza flexora-extensora derecha, la relación de fuerza flexora-extensora y el valor de potencia promedio de la articulación de la cadera derecha fueron ligeramente mayores que la potencia del flexor izquierdo. Los momentos de peso máximo de la unidad extensora de la articulación de la rodilla izquierda y derecha y los valores de potencia promedio izquierda y derecha fueron los cuatro indicadores. Mayor que el flexor, a diferentes velocidades de prueba de 60 ° / s (velocidad lenta) y 240 ° / s (rápido), el par máximo de flexión y extensión por unidad de peso, la potencia promedio de flexión y extensión, la fuerza de flexión y extensión, y la potencia media aparecen con el aumento de la velocidad de prueba como una diferencia significativa. Conclusiones: La investigación en la tesis recomienda un control de peso razonable y un entrenamiento equilibrado de la fuerza muscular, utilizando la condición de aumentar moderadamente la velocidad del ejercicio, para fortalecer el entrenamiento de la fuerza extensora de las extremidades inferiores, proporcionar entrenamiento de fuerza específico para los atletas, evaluar el efecto muscular después del entrenamiento y proporcionar la base científica y una valiosa referencia teórica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior en esquiadores: conceptos actuales / Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skiers: current concepts

El esquí es un deporte individual con una tasa de lesiones de 1,84 por 1.000 días esquiador en la población general. Las roturas del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) son algunas de las más comunes, llegando a una tasa de 5 por cada 100 esquiadores por temporada a nivel competitivo, debido a la gran exigencia a la que se encuentran sometidas las rodillas. Lo anterior presenta un desafío para el traumatólogo a la hora de plantear un manejo. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura respecto de los mecanismos de lesión, tratamiento, prevención, rehabilitación y uso de órtesis en el retorno deportivo. Se describen los mecanismos clásicos de lesión en esquiadores amateurs y competitivos. La mayoría de las lesiones de LCA son de resolución quirúrgica, en que la recomendación de reconstrucción debe ser con injerto autólogo de hueso-tendón patelar-hueso, salvo en los pacientes mayores o en pacientes con fisis abierta, en los que se recomienda el uso de injerto autólogo de semitendinoso-gracilis. La prevención y rehabilitación se basan en mejorar la fuerza y el control neuromuscular de los estabilizadores dinámicos de la rodilla implementándose programas específicos, evaluación del gesto deportivo, y pruebas de control neuromuscular. Se recomienda el uso de órtesis funcionales adecuadas en los pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción del LCA. Las lesiones de LCA en esquiadores de nivel competitivo son habituales, de manejo específico y multidisciplinario. La elección del injerto y del tipo de rehabilitación son fundamentales en el retorno deportivo del esquiador. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: V.

Skiing is an individual sport with an injury rate of 1.84 per 1,000 skier days among the general population. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are among the most common injuries in skiers, with a rate of 5 per 100 skiers per season at a competitive level, because of the great demand placed on the knees. Their treatment is a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. A review of the literature was carried out regarding injury mechanisms, treatment, prevention, rehabilitation, and the use of bracing in the return to sports. The classic injury mechanisms in amateur and competitive skiers are described. Most ACL injuries require surgical resolution, with reconstruction using autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft, except in older patients or those with open physis, who must receive an autologous semitendinosusgracilis graft. Prevention and rehabilitation are based on improving strength and neuromuscular control of the dynamic knee stabilizers, implementing specific programs, evaluating the sport movements, and performing neuromuscular control tests. Suitable functional bracings are recommended in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. ACL injuries in competitive-level skiers are common, and their management is specific and multidisciplinary. The choice of graft and rehabilitation type is critical to resume skiing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Influence Factors for Competitive Performance of Alpine Skiers in the View of Biomechanics / 医用生物力学

Under the background of technological assistance to prepare for the Beijing Winter Olympics in China, the biomechanical research highlights and the latest achievements related to competitive performance of alpine skiers in recent years were systematically analyzed in this paper, so as to determine biomechanical factors affecting competitive performance of alpine skiers, including aerodynamic drag, frictional forces, ground reaction force (GRF), energy dissipation, turn radius, trajectory of the skis and/or center of mass (COM). In addition, biomechanical differences in turn techniques, multiple turns connections and abilities of individuals were also considered as important factors affecting the alpine skiing performance. In the case of slalom and giant slalom events, the earlier initiation of turns, longer path length and trajectory, earlier and smoother application of GRF, and carbene technique carving to reduce the ski-snow friction and thereby dissipate energy should be used to improve sports performance. During speed skiing, minimizing the exposed frontal area and positioning the arms close to the body can reduce the energy loss caused by aerodynamic drag, thereby improving sports performance. Top-level alpine skiers will always perform well on different courses, terrains and snow conditions during the race. Excellent alpine ski performance from a biomechanical perspective includes the efficient use of potential energy, minimizing ski-snow friction and aerodynamic drag, choosing optimal trajectory and maintaining high-speed skiing. Individual tactics and techniques should be valued in training and competition. For better results, the same performance on multiple sections and on different terrains is more important than excellence in individual sections and specific conditions.

Comparison of acute sports injury between recreational skiers and skiers / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare and analyze the difference between the injuries of recreational skiers in public ski resorts and those of skiing athletes in official competitions, and to explore the suggestions of medical insurance for these two types of skiers.@*METHODS@#The injury data of recreational skiers in Chongli District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 snow seasons, and the injury data of skiers in two official international skiing competitions during 2019-2020 snow season and domestic test events in Chongli District of 2021 Winter Olympic Games were analyzed retrospectively, and the similarities and differences were compared.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1 187 injuries occurred to recreational skiers in the two public ski resorts during the 2018-2019 snow season, with an injury rate of 0.3%.There were 1 277 injury sites in total, and the most frequent injury sites were head and neck (230 cases, 18.0%), followed by knee joint (204 cases, 16.0%) and lower extremity (131 cases, 10.3%). Thirty-one skiers were injured in the two official international skiing competitions in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 snow season, and in the domestic test competitions in the 2021 Winter Olympic Games, and the injury rates were 11.5%, 17.2% and 12.0%, respectively. There were 37 injury sites in total, among which 11 (29.7%) were in the head and neck, followed by 6 (16.2%) in the knee joint and 5 (13.6%) in the chest, rib and abdomen.@*CONCLUSION@#In order to better guarantee the safety of skiers and timely provide corresponding medical help, safety facilities and technical guidance should be added to the snow resort for leisure skiing, and medical stations should be set up in the snow resort. As the formal ski racing for skiing athletes during the game has 30 to 80 times higher injury ratesthan recreational skiers, and compared with the recreational skiing, head and neck injury rate is higher, and the damage is much heavier, more complete first aid facilities and experienced medical workers are, needed so the field should be equipped with the circuit inside the quantities, track fixed outside the clinic, surrounding referral hospitals set up trauma centers to provide athletes with more timely medical care.

Role of ski injury treatment system between the ski resort medical station of Winter Olympics and the nearby medical care hospital / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To make a retrospective analysis of the situation and process of treating skiers' injuries in the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli and the nearest treatment hospital, and to provide a basis for the establishment and optimization of the treatment process between the medical station of the Winter Olympics ski resort and the nearest treatment hospital, and to gain experience for medical security of mass skiing.@*METHODS@#The data of all ski injuries in Chongli District were collected from the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort during the 2018-2019 snow season (November 2018 to April 2019) and the nearest treatment hospital during two periods (March 2019, and November 2019 to January 2020). The differences of injury causes, injury types, injury sites, and treatment effects of the injured skiers were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 755 cases of ski injuries were recorded in the medical station of Wanlong ski resort, the estimated incidence of injury was 2.02‰ per day. The nearest treatment hospital treated a total of 838 injured skiers from different ski resorts in Chongli District in the two periods. In the records of the ski resort medical station, the main causes of injury were technical defects and turnovers (53.6%). Knee joint injury rate was the highest (18.7%), followed by head and neck (12.9%) and lower limb (11.9%). The number of injuries on intermediate roads was the highest (40.0%), the greatest number of injuries (81.2%) occurred when the age of skiing was less than 5 years. In the records of the nearest treatment hospital, the injury types were fracture or fissure fracture, contusion and trauma, and muscle and soft tissue injury, accounting for 30.5%, 27.4%, and 21.2% respectively. 9.6% of the injured took the snow field ambulance to the hospital, and 50% of them suffered from fractures or fissure fractures.@*CONCLUSION@#The injury rate of skiing in the 2018-2019 snow season of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli was higher than that reported by foreign literature. Severe trauma (including severe fractures and concussions) could occur and patients needed to be transferred to the nearest hospital for treatment. The ski resort medical station and the nearest treatment hospital should be strengthened with adequate medical staff and equipment, and promote cooperation in the timely referral of seriously injured patients, the organization and construction of ski patrols and the medical security of large-scale competitions, thus playing an important role in forming a grassroots network of medical security and treatment system for skiing.

Analysis of the mass skiers' injury in a large ski resort in Chongli, China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To make a retrospective analysis of the injuries of skiing population in a large ski resort in Chongli, China and provide a basis for predicting the rapidly increasing medical needs for ski injuries in the context of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.@*METHODS@#The basic data of all injured skiers who were treated in a medical station of a large ski resort in Chongli during the snow season from November 2017 to March 2018 and from November 2018 to March 2019 were collected. The number of skiers, the number of injuries, the causes of injuries, the types of injuries and the locations of injuries were compared.@*RESULTS@#A total of 753 skiers were injured in two snow seasons, and the estimated average incidence of injury was 4.53 and 4.46 per 1 000 skier days at the resort respectively. The average daily injury rate per 1 000 skiers in November of the two snow seasons was relatively low, with 2.20 and 1.38 cases respectively. The difference of injury rate in different months might have little to do with snowfall and more to do with passenger flow. In both the snow seasons, men accounted for more injuries than women, and injured skiers aged between 21 and 30 accounted for the largest proportion, reaching 36.8%. The main causes of injuries were falls (76.6%). The highest rate of injury was in the head and neck (17.9%), followed by the knee (17.4%) and wrist and fingers (13.3%). The most common types of injuries were contusion and trauma (29.5%) and joint and/or ligament injuries (22.2%). Children (2-12 years old) accounted for 12.7% of all the injured skiers. The rate of moderate to severe injuries (including fractures, concussions, etc.) was 34.8% among the injured patients over 50 years of age.@*CONCLUSION@#The snow resort should focus on injuries to children and elderly skiers and carry out targeted guidance and rescue work. In order to better ensure the medical safety of skiers, the ski resort medical station and nearby treatment hospitals should be equipped with a corresponding number of medical personnel and equipment, and the ski resort should further improve its safety management and rescue system.

Recommendations to Prevent and Manage Snowboarder Injuries in the FIS Snowboard World Cup

PURPOSE: Snowboarding accidents may cause severe injury due to the advanced skills required of Olympic athletes and the faster speed compared to many other sports. The aim of this study was to describe environmental characteristics of snowboarding injuries and to determine the level of medical support using injury analysis. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiology study was conducted with collection of data from the Federation Internationale de Ski (FIS) Snowboard Competition from January 14 to 24 in 2009. Data from the Competition Operation Committee records, medical records and competition regulations were selected for analysis. RESULTS: In this study, 31/524 competitors reported injuries, predominantly sprains and contusions (21 cases), including eight fractures. Analysis of the physical distribution of these injuries indicated ten injuries of an upper extremity (32%), seven of a lower extremity (23%), six in the head/neck region (19%), and five spinal injuries (16%). The majority (23/31) of these injuries occurred during the snowboard cross (SBX) events. Environmental factors including the course visibility and slope conditions impacted the frequency of injury during the competition. In addition, the arrival times of medical teams were longer for the SBX events (260+/-92 sec) than for the Parallel Giant Slalom (202+/-54 sec) and other snowboarding events (<60 sec). CONCLUSION: The frequency and severity of injuries were highest in the SBX competition. For injury prevention, we recommend increased focus on safety on the SBX course, consideration of weather and other environmental conditions, and a rapid emergency medical support response for injury management.

Luxación posterior de cadera en deportes de invierno: reporte de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura / Posterior hip dislocation in winter sports: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature

Presentar 2 casos de luxación traumática de cadera, ocurridos durante una semana en un centro de urgencias de montaña durante la temporada de invierno, asociado a una descripción del manejo de esta dolencia. Materiales y métodos: Se presentan 2 casos de luxación traumática de cadera en esquiadores, junto a una descripción de la epidemiología y el manejo de esta dolencia basado en la literatura disponible. Resultados: Ambos casos presentaron una luxación posterior de cadera izquierda. Fueron diagnosticados y reducidos en pabellón con anestesia general, utilizando la maniobra de Allis. Uno de los pacientes presentó una desinserción del labrum que no requirió cirugía. Discusión: La luxación traumática de cadera es una lesión extremadamente rara entre quienes practican deportes de invierno. La mayoría de los casos son luxaciones posteriores, al igual que las ocurridas con otros eventos traumáticos, aunque entre quienes practican esquí las luxaciones anteriores deben ser también consideradas. Conclusión: La luxación de cadera es una lesión infrecuente entre quienes practican esquí o snowboard, pero es necesario sospecharla debido a sus potenciales complicaciones...

To present 2 cases of traumatic hip dislocation that occurred during a week at a mountain emergency centre during the winter season, as well as a description of its management. Methods: Two cases of traumatic hip dislocation in skiers are presented, along with a description of the epidemiology and management of this condition based on available literature. Results: Both cases were diagnosed as a posterior dislocation of the left hip. Reduction was performed under general anaesthesia, using the Allis manoeuvre in the operating room. One patient had an associated labrum detachment that did not require surgery. Discussion: Traumatic hip dislocation is an extremely rare injury among those who practice winter sports. Most cases are posterior dislocations, as with other traumatic events, but anterior dislocations should also be considered among those who practice skiing. Conclusion: Hip dislocation is an uncommon injury among those who practice skiing or snowboarding and a high level of suspicion is necessary to avoid potential complications...

Anthropometrical characteristics of subjects in predicting technique achievements of basic turn in alpine skiing / Características antropométricas de sujetos en la predicción de técnicas de rendimiento en el giro básico del esquí alpino

This research analyzes the techniques involved in basic turn in relation to anthropometric characteristics of subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the technique of basic turn performance in relation to anthropometric characteristics of subjects. In a sample of 30 students, average age 22 years, male, measuring by 12 anthropometric measures and a situational-motor test was carried out. Alpine skiing technique was assessed through primary windings, the technical element of skiing which is present in the basic form of skiing. Based on these results, we can conclude that, the differences are established and boundaries are clearly defined in the level of adoption of the basic turn techniques between subsamples in relation to anthropometric characteristics.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diferencia en la técnica de rendimiento de un giro básico de esquí alpino en relación a las características antropométricas de los sujetos. En una muestra de 30 estudiantes de sexo masculino con una edad promedio de 22 años, se realizó una prueba motor circunstancial, al igual que la medición de 12 parámetros antropométricos. La técnica de esquí alpino fue evaluada a través de giros primarios. Esta técnica está presente en la forma básica del esquí alpino. En base a estos resultados, podemos concluir que se establecen las diferencias y los límites se definen claramente en el nivel de adopción de las técnicas básicas de giro entre las submuestras en relación a las características antropométricas.

Prevención de lesiones en esquí / Skiing injury prevention

El esquí es un deporte que practican más de 200 millones de personas en el mundo y en nuestro país su práctica va en aumento. Las lesiones del esquí han disminuido en las últimas décadas a casi un tercio, pero se han concentrado y aumentado las lesiones específicas de la rodilla. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica analizando los factores que influyen en la producción de lesiones y sus métodos de prevención. El presente artículo muestra cómo algunas medidas de prevención como evitar conductas riesgosas, condición física, uso de equipo adecuado y ajuste de fijaciones pueden disminuir las lesiones del esquí.

Skiing is a sport practiced by over 200 million people in the world and in our country the practice is increasing. Skiing injuries have declined in recent decades to about a third but have concentrated and increased specific lesions of the knee. We performed a literature review analyzing the factors that influence the production of injuries and their prevention methods. This article present, how some preventive measures such as avoiding risky behaviors, fitness, proper equipment use and binding adjustment can reduce skiing injuries.

Avaliação ergoespirométrica em atleta paraolímpico de esqui alpino:estudo de caso / Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill for a paralympic alpine skiing athlete: case study

Objetivos: Este trabalho se propõe a verificar o consumo máximo de oxigênio de um atleta paraolímpico da modalidade de esqui alpino, apontando a relação com essa modalidade esportiva, tradicionalmente reconhecida como anaeróbica. Os resultados do teste são apresentados como parâmetro comparativo para a modalidade de esqui alpino.Descrição do caso: O voluntário foi um atleta de esqui alpino de 38 anos de idade, vítima de lesão da medula espinhal desde 1994, classificação LW10/2 dentro do critério dessa modalidade esportiva. O atleta foi testado na própria cadeira de rodas, em esteira ergométrica. O teste foi realizado a uma velocidade constante, sendo a carga aumentada 20 W a cada 3 minutos até a fadiga voluntária. As respostas cardiorrespiratórias foram aferidas continuamente com eletrocardiograma e analisador de gases. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e depois do teste para medir a concentração de lactato sanguíneo. A maior carga desempenhada pelo atleta foi 100 W (mecânica) e 884,07 W (bruto) quando estava no 5o estágio, com eficiência de 11,31%, apresentando consumo de oxigênio de 2501 mL/min e lactato de 11,1 mmol/L. A frequência cardíaca máxima foi de 184 batimentos/min e a pressão arterial de 115/70 mmHg foi medida 5 minutos após o final do teste.Conclusões: O esquiador pôde responder ao procedimento de diferentes cargas durante o teste. No teste aplicado o atleta tem que aprender a gerenciar sua resistência, força e capacidades coordenativas. A avaliação da capacidade aeróbica poderá ajudar o desempenho durante o treinamento e competições, visto que os atletas devem dividir sua atenção com uma gama de exigências que juntas são atendidas em grande parte pelo sistema aeróbio.

Aims: This study aims to determine the maximal oxygen uptake of a paralympic alpine ski athlete and relate it to this sport that is traditionally recognized as being anaerobic. The test results are presented as comparative variables for the alpine skiing sport. Case Description: The volunteer was a 38 year old sitting-class alpine ski athlete, who suffered a spinal cord injury in 1994, and is classified as LW10/2 within the criteria of the sport. The test was performed using their own wheelchair on a treadmill at a constant speed. The load was increased 20 W every 3 minutes until volitional fatigue. The cardiorespiratory responses were monitored continuously with an electrocardiogram and gas analyzer. Blood samples were collected before and after testing to measure blood lactate concentrations. The highest load achieved by the athlete was 100 W (mechanical) and 884.07 W (gross) when in the 5ºstage, with an efficiency of 11.31% and presenting an oxygen consumption of 2501 mL/min and lactate of 11.1%. Maximum heart rate was 184 bpm and blood pressure, measured 5 minutes after test end, was 115/70 mmHg.Conclusions: The skier was able to perform the procedure with increasing loads. The test administered required the athlete to learn how to manage her stamina, strength and coordinative capacities. The assessment of aerobic capacity may help with performance during training and competition, as the athletes must focus their attention on a range of demands that together, are largely met by the aerobic system.